What Happens If a Dog Won’t Stop Seizing?

Seizures in dogs are a distressing and potentially life-threatening condition that can leave pet owners feeling helpless and overwhelmed. A seizure occurs when abnormal electrical activity in the brain disrupts normal neurological function, leading to involuntary muscle contractions, loss of consciousness, and other symptoms. While a single seizure can be alarming, a dog that won’t stop seizing—a condition known as status epilepticus—requires immediate veterinary attention. This article explores the causes, consequences, and treatment options for dogs experiencing prolonged seizures, as well as what pet owners can do to help their furry companions.

Understanding Seizures in Dogs

Seizures are one of the most common neurological disorders in dogs. They can manifest in various ways, including:

• Generalized seizures (grand mal seizures): These involve the entire body and are characterized by loss of consciousness, muscle rigidity, paddling motions, drooling, and sometimes loss of bladder or bowel control.
• Focal seizures: These affect only one part of the body, such as twitching in a limb or facial muscles, and may or may not involve a loss of consciousness.
• Psychomotor seizures: These are characterized by unusual behaviors, such as snapping at the air, chasing the tail, or sudden aggression.

Seizures can last anywhere from a few seconds to several minutes. However, when a seizure lasts longer than five minutes or when multiple seizures occur in rapid succession without the dog regaining consciousness, it is considered an emergency.

What Is Status Epilepticus?

Status epilepticus is a medical emergency that occurs when a dog experiences continuous seizure activity or recurrent seizures without regaining consciousness in between. This condition can lead to severe complications, including:

1. Brain Damage: Prolonged seizures can cause irreversible damage to brain cells due to oxygen deprivation and excessive electrical activity.
2. Hyperthermia: The intense muscle activity during a seizure can cause the dog’s body temperature to rise dangerously high, leading to heatstroke.
3. Respiratory Distress: Seizures can interfere with normal breathing, potentially causing hypoxia (low oxygen levels) or aspiration pneumonia if the dog inhales saliva or vomit.
4. Organ Failure: The stress of prolonged seizures can lead to multi-organ failure, particularly affecting the liver, kidneys, and heart.
5. Death: Without prompt treatment, status epilepticus can be fatal.

Causes of Prolonged Seizures in Dogs

There are numerous potential causes of seizures in dogs, and identifying the underlying issue is crucial for effective treatment. Common causes include:

1. Idiopathic Epilepsy: This is the most common cause of seizures in dogs, particularly in certain breeds like Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds, and Beagles. Idiopathic epilepsy is a genetic condition with no identifiable underlying cause.
2. Toxins: Ingestion of toxic substances, such as chocolate, xylitol, pesticides, or certain plants, can trigger seizures.
3. Metabolic Disorders: Conditions like hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), liver disease, or kidney failure can lead to seizures.
4. Infections: Viral, bacterial, or fungal infections affecting the brain, such as distemper or meningitis, can cause seizures.
5. Trauma: Head injuries can result in seizures due to brain damage.
6. Brain Tumors: Tumors in the brain can disrupt normal neurological function and cause seizures.
7. Stroke: A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to seizures and other neurological symptoms.
8. Electrolyte Imbalances: Abnormal levels of sodium, potassium, or calcium can trigger seizures.

What to Do If Your Dog Won’t Stop Seizing

If your dog is experiencing a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes or has multiple seizures in a row, it is essential to act quickly. Here’s what you should do:

1. Stay Calm: While it’s natural to feel panicked, staying calm will help you think clearly and take appropriate action.
2. Ensure Safety: Move your dog away from stairs, furniture, or other objects that could cause injury during the seizure. Do not attempt to restrain your dog, as this could lead to accidental bites or further injury.
3. Time the Seizure: Note the start time of the seizure. If it lasts longer than five minutes, seek emergency veterinary care immediately.
4. Keep the Environment Quiet: Reduce stimulation by dimming lights and minimizing noise.
5. Do Not Put Anything in Your Dog’s Mouth: Contrary to popular belief, dogs cannot swallow their tongues during a seizure. Attempting to open their mouth could result in injury to you or your dog.
6. Contact Your Veterinarian: Call your vet or an emergency animal hospital to inform them of the situation and follow their instructions.

Emergency Treatment for Prolonged Seizures

When a dog is brought to a veterinary clinic for status epilepticus, the primary goals of treatment are to stop the seizure activity, stabilize the dog, and address any underlying causes. Treatment may include:

1. Anticonvulsant Medications: Drugs like diazepam (Valium), midazolam, or phenobarbital are administered intravenously to stop the seizures.
2. Oxygen Therapy: If the dog is experiencing respiratory distress, supplemental oxygen may be provided.
3. Cooling Measures: If the dog’s body temperature is elevated, cooling techniques such as fans or cool water may be used.
4. Intravenous Fluids: Fluids help stabilize blood pressure, correct dehydration, and support organ function.
5. Diagnostic Tests: Blood tests, imaging (such as MRI or CT scans), and cerebrospinal fluid analysis may be performed to identify the underlying cause of the seizures.

Long-Term Management of Seizures in Dogs

If your dog has experienced prolonged seizures or has been diagnosed with epilepsy, long-term management will be necessary to reduce the frequency and severity of future episodes. This may include:

1. Anticonvulsant Therapy: Medications like phenobarbital, potassium bromide, or levetiracetam may be prescribed to control seizures.
2. Regular Monitoring: Blood tests may be required to monitor medication levels and ensure there are no adverse effects on the liver or other organs.
3. Dietary Changes: Some dogs benefit from a ketogenic diet, which has been shown to reduce seizure activity in certain cases.
4. Avoiding Triggers: If your dog’s seizures are triggered by stress, loud noises, or other factors, minimizing exposure to these triggers can help.

Prognosis for Dogs with Prolonged Seizures

The prognosis for a dog that has experienced status epilepticus depends on the underlying cause, the duration of the seizures, and how quickly treatment was administered. While some dogs recover fully with appropriate care, others may experience long-term neurological damage or require lifelong medication to manage their condition.

Preventing Seizures in Dogs

While not all seizures can be prevented, there are steps you can take to reduce the risk:

1. Avoid Toxins: Keep harmful substances out of your dog’s reach.
2. Maintain a Healthy Diet: Ensure your dog receives a balanced diet to prevent metabolic imbalances.
3. Regular Veterinary Checkups: Routine exams can help detect and address health issues before they lead to seizures.
4. Manage Stress: Provide a calm and stable environment for your dog.

Conclusion

A dog that won’t stop seizing is in a critical condition that requires immediate veterinary intervention. Status epilepticus can have devastating consequences if left untreated, but with prompt and appropriate care, many dogs can recover and go on to live happy, healthy lives. As a pet owner, being informed about the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for seizures can help you act quickly in an emergency and provide the best possible care for your beloved companion. Always consult your veterinarian if you have concerns about your dog’s health or if they experience a seizure, no matter how brief.