The concept of a "human computer" dates back to the early days of scientific and mathematical computation, long before the advent of electronic computers. Human computers were individuals, often women, who performed complex mathematical calculations by hand, contributing to fields such as astronomy, engineering, and ballistics. The title of "first human computer" is difficult to assign to a single individual, as the role evolved over centuries. However, one of the earliest and most notable figures in this context is Nicole-Reine Lepaute, an 18th-century French mathematician and astronomer.

Nicole-Reine Lepaute: A Pioneer in Human Computation

Nicole-Reine Lepaute (1723–1788) was a remarkable figure in the history of science. She worked alongside prominent astronomers and mathematicians of her time, including Alexis Clairaut and Jérôme Lalande, to predict the return of Halley's Comet in 1759. Her meticulous calculations, performed entirely by hand, were instrumental in refining the comet's predicted trajectory. Lepaute's work exemplifies the role of human computers in advancing scientific knowledge during an era when mechanical or electronic aids were nonexistent.

The Rise of Human Computers in the 19th and 20th Centuries

As scientific and industrial demands grew, so did the need for human computers. In the 19th century, organizations like the British Nautical Almanac Office and the U.S. Naval Observatory employed human computers to calculate astronomical tables and navigational data. These individuals, often working in teams, performed repetitive and labor-intensive calculations to support exploration, trade, and military operations.

The 20th century saw the role of human computers expand further, particularly during World War II. Women played a crucial role in this era, working as human computers for organizations like NASA (then NACA) and the Manhattan Project. One of the most famous groups of human computers was the "West Area Computers" at NASA's Langley Research Center, a team of African American women mathematicians who performed critical calculations for the U.S. space program. Figures like Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson became iconic representatives of this era, their stories popularized by the book and film Hidden Figures.

The Legacy of Human Computers

The work of human computers laid the foundation for modern computing. Their contributions not only advanced scientific and technological progress but also challenged societal norms, particularly regarding gender and race. The transition from human computers to electronic computers in the mid-20th century marked the end of an era, but the legacy of these individuals remains a testament to the power of human ingenuity and perseverance.

While it is impossible to identify a single "first human computer," figures like Nicole-Reine Lepaute and the women of NASA's West Area Computers represent the enduring spirit of those who performed this vital work. Their stories remind us that behind every great scientific achievement, there are often unsung heroes whose labor and intellect made it possible.